Sunday, 24 November 2013

Dot Com Company



:

A company whose operations are entirely or primarily internet-based, or more specifically a company whose business model would not be possible if the internet did not exist. Dotcoms often deliver all their services over an internet interface, but products might be delivered through traditional channels as well. Dotcoms are often divided into two categories: those that provide products and services for consumers (B2C) and those that provide products and services to other businesses (B2B). In the late 1990s, Many Internet Business Companies started commonly known as dot-com companies. But out of many of them only few survived today and rest of the companies are closed or bankrupt nowadays.

What is Dot-Com Company?

Well, in simple words a Dot-com company is one whose main Business is on the Internet. They make its money/profits by doing an Online Business only. The Examples of Dot-com companies are Google, Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Orkut, Twitter and so on. The main purpose of these dot-com companies was to raise the capital from the venture capitalists, develop a successful web business, growing it exponentially high and later on exit from it by taking that dot-com company to the public.

A business, especially a publicly-traded company, that conducts most or all of its business over the Internet. Dot-coms may conduct business in one or more of the following areas: Content, Commerce, and Connection. Content companies provide information, either for free or for a charge, and earn most of their operating income from advertising. Commerce companies sell new and/or used goods directly over the Internet. Connection companies provide Internet services directly to customers.

How Internet Business Companies Make Money?

Well, Dot-com companies make money from 3 Cs, meaning:

- Commerce

- Content

- Connection

Commerce means selling products over the Internet such as Amazon.com, while Content means making money from the content starting from News Websites to Blogs. Content web business makes money from advertisement selling. Connection means doing a business by supplying connections such as AOL, one of the largest ISP (Internet Service Provider) in USA.

But unfortunately most of the dot-com companies failed even after literally millions of dollars of money infusion in them. Here is a List of some well-known failed Dot-com Companies.

List of well known Failed Dot-com Companies

- 360HipHop
- AmCy.com
- Boo.com
- Broadband Sports
- Cyberial Outpost
- CyberRebate
- DigiScents – tried to transmit smells over the Internet
- E-Loft.com – A pan European portal for university students
- Excite@Home
- Flooz.com
- Kozmo.com
- theGlobe.com
- Kibu.com – Online community for teen girls
- Pseudo.com – One of the first live streaming video websites
- Yadayada.com
- Zap.com

Therefore, all of the dot-com companies are just the few examples from whole list who have lost literally hundreds of millions of Venture Capitalists. Only those Internet Businesses survived in the Dot-com Bubble who have really added value to the life of the people around the world at mass scale such as Google & Amazon. Rest of the companies did not survive and some have failed even before the launch.

What is considered a Successful Internet Business?

Are you an Internet Business Owner? Then How will you tell whether it’s a successful Internet Business or not? Well, there are several criteria for this. And Financial criteria is one of them. Here are the few common criterias for successful internet business that every one of you knows.

- Web traffic
- Revenue of the Business
- Customer Base
- Google Page Rank
- Alexa Page Rank
- Back links
- Popularity

And many other such types of criterias are there. Now, according to me a true successful internet business is one which really adds value in the life of people at mass level.

Google, Amazon, Wikipedia sites & eBay are few examples of the Successful Internet Businesses. This is not because they are making millions and billions of dollars every year. But this is because they have added value in the life of literally millions of people. Can you imagine the internet without Google?

The Internet is full of online businesses of every kind. The competition for dot-com ventures is extremely high. Users can click from you to your competitor in seconds. Even getting noticed among the masses of other businesses online is a difficult task. Despite these challenges, it is possible to start a viable dot-com company. The barriers for entry are low and you have a great deal of control over your start-up costs. Focus on your business idea to develop a unique selling point that will allow you to stand out from the competition.

How to Start a Dot Com Company?

1    Research your business idea carefully. Develop a concise business plan based upon your research. Use this plan to guide you through your start-up process, adapting it as your business evolves. Carefully consider costs of your products or services and determine if your idea is viable as a revenue-producing enterprise.
    
2    Hire an accountant to assist you with the financial considerations of your business. File any necessary forms with your local, state and federal authorities. Set up a bookkeeping system and work with your accountant on a regular basis.

3    Hire a lawyer to guide you through the establishment of your business. Choose one with an expertise in Internet law, which is evolving regularly. Have your lawyer advise you on issues such as contracts, agreements and online privacy considerations.

4    Purchase a reliable computer. Use it to operate all aspects of your business. Ensure that you have a trustworthy back-up system for your files.

5    Acquire a high speed Internet connection. The rate of communication is ever increasing. Customer expectations are that you have the ability to respond quickly.

6    Hire a web developer to assist you in setting up an interactive e-commerce site. The website is your entire business when you're a dot-com company. It is your image and brand. Ensure that your site operates quickly and has a clear, user-friendly navigation system. Integrate the most current security into your website. Create an interactive community through a blog and forum. Feedback has come to be expected by online consumers. Communication with your customers is increasingly important to your success.

Dot-coms were hugely popular investments in the 1990s, with IPOs of hundreds of dollars per share, even if a company had never produced a profit and, in some cases, had never earned any revenue. This came from the theory that Internet companies needed to expand their customer bases as much as possible and thus corner the largest possible market share, even if this meant massive losses. While this worked for some dot-coms, notably Google, which did not produce a profit for its first several years of operation, the theory was unsustainable because, in a given industry, only one or two companies could corner large market shares, meaning most dot-coms were doomed to failure. This dot-com bubble burst in 2000.

Top Dot Com Companies of the World.


-Amazon.com

Amazon.com, Inc. is an American electronic commerce company based in Seattle, Washington. It was one of the first major companies to sell goods over the Internet and was one of the iconic stocks of the late 1990s dot-com bubble. After the bubble burst Amazon faced skepticism about its business model, but it made its first annual profit in 2003. Amazon also owns Alexa Internet, A9.com, and the Internet Movie Database (IMDb).Founded as Cadabra.com by Jeff Bezos in 1994 and launched in 1995, Amazon.com began as an online bookstore, though it soon diversified its product lines, adding DVDs, music CDs, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, and more.



-eBay.com

eBay Inc. manages an online auction and shopping website, where people buy and sell goods and services worldwide. The online auction site was founded in San Jose, California on September 3, 1995 by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb,Millions of collectibles, appliances, computers, furniture, equipment, vehicles, and other miscellaneous items are listed, bought, and sold daily.


-Google.com

Google, Inc. is an American public corporation and search engine, first incorporated as a privately held company on 7 September 1998. The company had 9,378 full-time employees as of September 30, 2006 and is based in Mountain View, California. Eric Schmidt, former chief executive officer of Novell, is Google's CEO, after co-founder Larry Page stepped down. The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol," which refers to 10100 (the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros).



-Priceline.com

Priceline.com is a website devoted to helping users obtain discount rates for travel-related items such as airline tickets and hotel stays. It is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut, United States. Priceline is the brainchild of digital entrepreneur Jay Walker; thus its parent company is Walker Digital.



-MSN.com

MSN (or The Microsoft Network) is a collection of Internet services provided by Microsoft. Initially released on August 24, 1995, to coincide with the release of Windows 95, the range of services has since changed greatly. The Hotmail webmail service was amongst the first, followed by the instant messenger service MSN Messenger, which has recently been replaced by Windows Live Messenger. According to Alexa.com, MSN.com is currently ranked 2nd amongst all websites for Traffic Rank.



-Yahoo.com

Yahoo! Inc. is an American internet services company. It operates an Internet portal and provides a full range of products and services including a search engine, the Yahoo! Directory and Yahoo! Mail. It was founded by Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo in January of 1994 and incorporated on March 2, 1995. The company is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
According to Web trends companies Alexa Internet and Netcraft, Yahoo! is the most visited website on the Internet today with more than 412 million unique users. The global network of Yahoo! websites received 3.4 billion page views per day on average as of October 2005.

-IMDB.com

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about actors, films, television shows, television stars, video games and production crew personnel. Owned by Amazon.com since 1998, the IMDb celebrated its fifteenth anniversary on October 17, 2005. As of August 22, 2006 IMDb featured 825,865 titles and 2,179,165 people.

-Network Solutions

Network Solutions, LLC is a technology company which was founded in 1979. The domain name registration business has become the most important division of the company; as of 2006, Network Solutions manages more than 7.6 million domain names. Their size, founding status, and longevity have made them one of the most important corporations affecting domain name price and policy.

-Paypal.com

PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the internet. It serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders. PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other corporate users, for which it charges a fee. In October 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay. Their corporate headquarters is in San Jose, California, at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska; Dublin, Ireland; and Berlin, Germany. PayPal account holders must be 18 or over with a debit/credit card or bank account and an e-mail address.

-SKYPE

Skype is a proprietary peer-to-peer Voice over IP (VoIP) network founded by the entrepreneurs Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, also founders of the file sharing application Kazaa. It competes against existing open VoIP protocols such as SIP, IAX, and H.323. The Skype Group, acquired by eBay in October 2005, is headquartered in Luxembourg, with offices in London and Tallinn.

-MySpace.com

MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. MySpace also features an internal search engine and an internal e-mail system. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California, USA, while its parent company is headquartered in New York City, and it also has a back up server there. According to Alexa Internet, it is currently the world's fourth most popular English-language website, the sixth most popular website in any language and the third most popular website in the United States.

-Youtube.com

YouTube is a popular free video sharing Web site which lets users upload, view, and share video clips. Founded in February 2005 by three employees of PayPal, the San Bruno-based service utilizes Adobe Flash technology to display video. The wide variety of site content includes movie and TV clips and music videos, as well as amateur content such as videoblogging. Currently staffed by 67 employees, the company was named TIME magazine's "Invention of the Year" for 2006. In October 2006, Google, Inc., announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for $1.65 billion USD in Google's stock. The deal closed on 13 November 2006.

-Blogger.com 

Blogger is a weblog publishing system owned by Google since 2003. Blogger enables blogs to be hosted on its own servers (http://www.blogger.com/ with the blog created as a subdomain of blogspot.com, i.e. foo.blogspot.com) or on the server of the blogger's choosing, transferred via FTP or SFTP. Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs in August 1999. As one of the earliest dedicated blog-publishing tools, it is credited for helping popularize the format.
In February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by Google.

-Rediff.com

Rediff.com India, NASDAQ: REDF is a popular news, information, entertainment, and shopping portal. It was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Mumbai, India with offices in New Delhi and New York, USA. As per Alexa rating , Rediff is the No. 1 Indian web portal. It is the only India-based website to appear in first 100 websites. It has more than 250 employees. Rediff.com also offers the Indian American community one of the oldest and largest Indian weekly newspaper, India Abroad, which it acquired in 2001.


Best Internet Companies, Best Internet Suppliers, Best Online Companies, List of Internet Companies.


-- 
Regards,

Preeti Bagad [BE(CS)] 
SW Engineer Cum Blogger

On Line Assistence :
Y! Messenger : PreetiB.A1Soft@yahoo.com







Who is Crazy Gurus Who is Sober Professors

Who is 
Crazy Gurus  
Who is 
Sober Professors



Posted by at 1 comment:
Labels:

Thursday, 21 November 2013

Classes in Java


Classes in Java :

 Java class is nothing but a template for object you are going to create or it’s a blue print by using this we create an object. In simple word we can say it’s a specification or a pattern which we define and every object we define will follow that pattern. In the object oriented approach, a class defines a set of properties (variables) and methods. Through methods certain functionality is achieved. Methods act upon the variables and generate different outputs corresponding  to the change in variables. A Java class is a group of Java methods and variables. Each Java source code file can contain one public class. The name of this public class must match the name of the Java source code file. If the public class is called “ballistics,” then the filename would be “ballistics.java.”


What does Java Class Consist?

 When we create class in java the first step is keyword class and then name of the class or identifier we can say. Next is class body which starts with curly braces {} and between this all things related with that class means their property and method will come here.

 Template is:

 Class (name of the class) {

 (Here define member of class)

 }

 Access level of class - Java class has mainly two type of access level:

 Default - class objects are accessible only inside the package.

 Public - class objects are accessible in code in any package.

 Syntax of a Java Program :

 package package_name;

 //import necessary packages

 import package_name.*;

 Access Modifier class class_name{

member variables;
member methods;

 public static void main(String[] args) {
    ...
    ....

     }

 }

Objects in Java:

 If we consider the real-world we can find many objects around us, Cars, Dogs, Humans, etc. All these objects have a state and behavior. If we consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking, wagging, running. If you compare the software object with a real world object, they have very similar characteristics. Software objects also have a state and behavior. A software object's state is stored in fields and behavior is shown via methods.
So in software development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the object-to-object communication is done via methods.

 A class can contain any of the following variable types.

   - Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.

   - Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These variables are instantiated when the class is loaded. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.

   - Class variables: Class variables are variables declared with in a class, outside any method, with the static keyword.
A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various kinds of methods.

 What are members of Class?

 When we create a class its totally incomplete without defining any member of this class same like we can understand one family is incomplete if they have no members.

   - Field: field is nothing but the property of the class or object which we are going to create .for example if we are creating a class called computer then they have property like model, mem_size, hd_size, os_type etc

   - Method: method is nothing but the operation that an object can perform it define the behavior of object how an object can interact with outside world .startMethod (), shutdownMethod ().

   - Access Level of members: Access level is nothing but where we can use that members of the class.
Each field and method has an access level:

     private: accessible only in this class
    package or default: accessible only in this package
    protected: accessible only in this package and in all subclasses of this class
    public: accessible everywhere this class is available

 Real world example of Class in Java Programming :

 In real world if we want to understand about the class everything of same quality  can be visualize as a class e.g. men,women,birds ,bicycles ,cars or  we can say vehicle .
The entire vehicle will make one class they have the property like no_of_wheels, color, model, brand etc.now we can think changeGear () and speedOfvehicle (), applyBreak () etc as a method on that class. Similarly all human being also can be one class now their member will be a men ,women ,child.,isAlive() ,isDeath() can be their method or behavior of that class .again we can make Men or women a separate class and define their property and method accordingly,
In short in java every problem we get solution can be think in terms of class and object.

 One Java class example:

 Class Stock {

 Public commodity;
Public price;
Public void buy (int no_of commodity) {}
Public boolean sale () {}

 }

 In this example Stock is called Class and commodity, price are field and buy() and sale() are two methods defined inside class. To access elements of Class you need to create an instance of class Stock. You can create instance of Class using keyword new as shown below

 Stock highBetaStock = new Stock();

 For calling method of Stock just call by using instance.

 highBetaStock.buy(1000);
highBetaStock.sell();

 Summary:

 In short in java everything must be thinking in terms of java class its nothing but a template they have their own members and methods for accessing those members. The entire member has their own visibility which is decided by the developer where they want to use those objects.
Preeti Bagad [BE(CS)] 
SW Engineer Cum Blogger

On Line Assistence :
Y! Messenger : PreetiB.A1Soft@yahoo.com







Best Ground Staff Fly-Crew

Best Cabin Crew Fly-Crew

Best AME Fly-Crew

Best Pilots Fly-Crew





UpLoad Your CV only for Rs 100 or USD $ 10 for 1 Year

We will send you Job Alerts and your CV to all HRs
Mail to, 
Vidhya@aerosoft.co.in
We believe that for
Pessimistic its Aviation Recession
and for
Optimistic it is an Opportunity.
Posted by at No comments:
Labels: , , , , ,

Android Phone Features


Android Phone Features :

 Android is an open-platform operating system purchased by Google in 2005. Phones running on the Android operating system are extremely competitive in the smart phone market. The goal of Android's open-platform is to allow developers and manufacturers worldwide to collaborate without worrying about proprietary information, positioning them to innovate faster and more cheaply than ever before. We love both Android and iOS, but the open nature of Android just means it can do things others just can't. Here are some favorite Android apps and features that you won't find on its Apple-clad brethren. 


1. Alternate Keyboards :

 From text predictors like Swiftkey to the innovative like Swype and the downright adventurous like 8pen, you have a lot of different keyboard choices on Android. Typing on a tiny phone keyboard isn't anyone's idea of fun, so it's great that Android provides so many options to make it as painless for people as possible, and super easy to install. The iPhone has other keyboards, but they're usually separate apps that require you to import text to another program—it's just the kind of system-level functionality that's hard to get around.

2. Automation :

 One of the most powerful, useful Android apps around is Tasker, the automation program that lets you turn your phone into a superphone. You can turn settings on and off for certain applications, by location, time of day, and pretty much any other condition you can think of. With the right commands in place, Tasker can access the deepest and darkest settings on your phone, which is something you just can't do on other platforms. Be sure to also check out our second list of Tasker setups, three handy Tasker profiles from our readers, and how to roll your own "Find my iPhone" for Android. Similar apps like the battery-saving JuiceDefender would also fall into this category.

 3. Custom Home Launchers :

 While iPhone users can customize their home screen quite a bit if they've jailbroken, they don't allow the kind of customization that you can get on Android with custom home launchers. Third party launchers can add all sorts of extra features to the home screens of your device, like gestures, different kinds of shortucts, and even low-level settings that can help speed up an older phone. Whether you're using the super-fast LauncherPro or the insanely customizable ADWLauncher, third-party launchers add a ton of configuration to your device.

 4. Widgets :

 Sure, they take up a bit of space, but there's no substitute for the convenience of having a big weather widget right on your home screen, or a music widget to show you the currently playing track. Even more useful are the to-do list widgets, that take an "in your face" approach to productivity, which is not only effective but necessary from people, as they don't require you to actually look for your to-do list—they're always reminding you of what you need to do. If you've jailbroken, you can get widget-like apps for the iPhone, but you can only put them on your lock screen—not the actual home screens that you're always swiping through.
5. Removable Storage and Battery :

 It isn't part of the Android software, necessarily, but Android's open nature allows for quite a few hardware advantages too—namely the ability to take out, swap, and upgrade your battery and SD card. If you find that you've maxed out the storage on your iPhone, you're pretty much out of luck, whereas with an Android phone you can pop in a new SD card and have gigabytes more storage to play with. Similarly, you can swap out a spare battery for longer trips or even get an extended battery that'll help your phone go longer without charging.


6. Wireless App Installation :

 Browsing for and discovering new apps should be fun, not challenge to make it through a tiny app store with your sanity intact. The App Store and Cydia App Store aren't exactly fun to browse on your phone, but you either have to download apps on your phone or plug it into iTunes to sync them all over. With the new Android Market, or with third-party sites like AppBrain, you can find a cool app, hit the install button, and it'll be on your phone the next time you pick it up. It doesn't get much more convenient than that.

 7. Custom ROMs :

 While there are a lot of third-party apps that give you advanced features on Android, one of the coolest parts about the entire OS being open source is that people can take it, tweak it all over, and install their version instead of the one that comes with your phone. Whether it's the feature-filled CyanogenMod or the interface-overhauling MIUI ROM, there's little limit to how much you can tweak your Android experience. As with launchers, these give you a lot of system-level tweaks that you just wouldn't be able to get this easily on other platforms—and it puts them easily within users' reach. Whether it's tweaks that speed up your phone or features like FM radio, custom ROMs are without a doubt one of the biggest advantages to Android's openness around.

 8. Controlling Your Phone From Your Computer :

 This one's a little more out there, but we've featured quite a few apps that let you actually control your Android phone from your PC—whether you just want to send texts from Chrome or access any of its other functions right from a web browser. Yes, you can VNC into your iPhone, but it's not the same as using a separate app that accesses its baser functions.

 9. Flash :
Say what you want about Flash, but it's everywhere you go, and when you're forced to view the web without it, you realize how much you actually rely on it day-to-day. Whether its accessing fully Flash web sites, watching Flash videos, or playing games like the ones on Kongregate, having Flash installed on your phone and tablet let you access a lot of things you otherwise couldn't have. We may grimace when we hear its name, but it's too prevalent to go without. It just feels like you don't have the whole web at your fingertips.

 10. True App Integration :

 Google Voice may finally be available for the iPhone, but the experience will never be the same as it is on Android. Other iPhone apps always direct you to the default dialer and visual voicemail apps, so even if you want to use Google Voice full time, you have to manually navigate it to yourself. On Android, apps like Google Voice integrate directly with the operating system—if you want to make calls with Google Voice, every call you make from the phone's dialer goes through Google Voice. When you click on a phone number in your browser or in Google Maps, it goes through Google Voice instead of sending you to the wrong dialer. True app integration like this makes using custom phone, SMS, voicemail, and even browser apps absolutely seamless on Android, which is something you won't find on the more locked-down iPhone platform.

 11. Optimized Gaming :

 In order to stay competitive with other smart phones on the market, Gingerbread supports the use of gyroscope, gravity, barometric sensors, linear acceleration and rotation vector which, in layman's terms, means that game developers can give users games with highly sensitive and responsive controls.

 12. Voice Over IP Support :

 If users have a third-party Internet calling account, they can set up their Android phone to use that account to call other people on SIP phone numbers (Internet phone numbers). Each cell phone network carrier can choose to allow the feature or not, but Android's 2.3 release supports the use of VoIP calling, meaning you can use your cell phone to call people for lower or free rates worldwide.

 13. Refined User Interface :

 Android 2.3 has simplified the user interface and color scheme to provide greater screen contrast and vividness to the notification bar. Menus have been made easier to navigate and settings easier to locate and change, with hopes that it will be easy for new users to learn quickly.

 14. Front-Facing Camera :

 Android phones can now use either a front or rear-facing camera, allowing developers to create applications involving video calling, a feature only available on iPhones as of January 2011. Cell phone manufacturers can start developing phones with two cameras knowing that application developers can create applications that are intelligent enough to choose the correct camera for their purposes.
Preeti Bagad [BE(CS)] 
SW Engineer Cum Blogger

On Line Assistence :
Y! Messenger : PreetiB.A1Soft@yahoo.com








Best Ground Staff Fly-Crew

Best Cabin Crew Fly-Crew

Best AME Fly-Crew

Best Pilots Fly-Crew





UpLoad Your CV only for Rs 100 or USD $ 10 for 1 Year

We will send you Job Alerts and your CV to all HRs
Mail to, 
Vidhya@aerosoft.co.in
We believe that for
Pessimistic its Aviation Recession
and for
Optimistic it is an Opportunity.
Posted by at No comments:
Labels: , , , , ,

Saturday, 14 September 2013

Writing Ordinal Numbers - Spelling Practice



Writing Ordinal Numbers - 
Spelling Practice

 0th - zeroth
1st - first
2nd - second
3rd - third
4th - fourth
5th - fifth
6th - sixth
7th - seventh
8th - eighth
9th - ninth
10th - tenth
11th - eleventh
12th - twelfth
13th - thirteenth
14th - fourteenth
15th - fifteenth
16th - sixteenth
17th - seventeenth
18th - eighteenth
19th - nineteenth
20th - twentieth




Posted by at 1 comment:
Labels:

Friday, 13 September 2013

Hydrocarbon molecules are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. 

SCIENCE BLOG 1:

Hydrocarbon molecules are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In petroleum crude oil, for example, these molecules may include from one to 60 or more carbon atoms. The properties of hydrocarbons depend on the number and arrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecules. The simplest hydrocarbon molecule is methane, with one carbon atom linked to four hydrogen atoms. All other variations of hydrocarbons evolve from this molecule. 






Hydrocarbons containing up to four carbon atoms are usually gases at normal ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure, those with five to 19 carbon atoms are usually liquids, and those with 20 or more are typically solids or semi-solids. The petroleum refining process uses chemicals, catalysts, heat, and pressure to separate and combine the basic types of hydrocarbon molecules naturally found in crude oil into groups of similar molecules. The refining process also rearranges their structures and bonding patterns into different hydrocarbon molecules and compounds.








Naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds
Paraffins


The paraffinic series of hydrocarbon compounds have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be either straight chains (normal) or branched chains (isomers) of carbon atoms (Figure 1). Paraffinic hydrocarbons are very commonly referred to as alkanes.

The lighter, straight-chain paraffin molecules are found in natural gas as well as in petroleum refinery byproduct gases and low boiling point liquids. Examples of straight-chain molecules are methane, ethane, propane, and butane (gases containing from one to four carbon atoms), and pentane and hexane (liquids with five to six carbon atoms).








The branched-chain (isomer) paraffins are usually found in heavier fractions of crude oil and have higher octane numbers than normal paraffins. These compounds are saturated hydrocarbons, with all carbon bonds satisfied, that ;is, the hydrocarbon chain carries the full complement of hydrogen atoms.




Aromatics
Aromatics are unsaturated ring-type (cyclic) compounds which react readily because they have carbon atoms that are deficient in hydrogen. All aromatics have at least one benzene ring (a single-ring compound characterized by three double bonds alternating with three single bonds between six carbon atoms) as part of their molecular structure (Figure 2).

Naphthalenes are fused double-ring aromatic compounds. The most complex aromatics are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), also referred to as polynuclear hydrocarbons, with three or more fused aromatic rings and they typically are found in the heavier fractions of petroleum crude oil.








Naphthenes


Naphthenes are saturated hydrocarbon compounds having the general formula of CnH2n, arranged in the form of closed rings (cyclic) and found in all fractions of petroleum crude oil except the very lightest.

Naphthenes are also commonly referred to as cycloparaffins or cycloalkanes. Some examples of typical naphthenes are depicted in the adjacent Figure 3.

Single-ring naphthenes (monocycloparaffins) with five and six carbon atoms predominate, with two-ring naphthenes (dicycloparaffins) found in the heavier ends of the naphtha fraction of petroleum crude oil.

 

Other hydrocarbons
Alkenes


Alkenes are mono-olefins with the general formula CnH2n and contain only one carbon-carbon double bond in the chain (Figure 4). The simplest alkene is ethylene, with two carbon atoms joined by a double bond and four hydrogen atoms. Olefins are usually formed by thermal and catalytic cracking and rarely occur naturally in unprocessed crude oil.

Dienes and alkynes


Dienes, also known as diolefins, have two carbon-carbon double bonds (Figure 5). The alkynes, another class of unsaturated hydrocarbons, have a carbon-carbon triple bond within the molecule. Both these series of hydrocarbons have the general formula CnH2n-2. Diolefins such as 1,2-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene, and alkynes such as acetylene, occur in C5 and lighter fractions from cracking. The olefins, diolefins, and alkynes are said to be unsaturated because they contain less than the amount of hydrogen necessary to saturate all the valences of the carbon atoms. These compounds are more reactive than paraffins or naphthenes and readily combine with other elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine.

SCIENCE BLOG 2: 

Global Warming is caused by many things. The causes are split up into two groups, man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.

Natural Causes

Natural causes are causes created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the earth's atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes through a cycle of climate change. This climate change usually lasts about 40,000 years.

Man-made Causes

Man-made causes probably do the most damage. There are many man-made causes. Pollution is one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as coal, or oil. When fossil fuels are burned they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. How does it escape? Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is mined you have to dig up the earth a little. When you dig up the fossil fuels you dig up the methane as well.

Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation, right? That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more agriculture. Now your probably thinking, "Wait a minute, you said agriculture is going to be damaged by Global Warming, but now you're saying agriculture is going to help cause Global Warming?" Well, have you ever been in a barn filled with animals and you smell something terrible? You're smelling methane. Another source of methane is manure. Because more food is needed we have to raise food. Animals like cows are a source of food which means more manure and methane. Another problem with the increasing population is transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more pollution. Also, many people have more than one car.

OverpopulationSince CO2 contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out CO2. Also, the trees that convert our CO2 to oxygen are being demolished because we're using the land that we cut the trees down from as property for our homes and buildings. We are not replacing the trees (an important part of our eco system), so we are constantly taking advantage of our natural resources and giving nothing back in return.





Books by AeroSoft



Books













psr



P - Productivity S - Speed R - Relevancy    
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 22,870 words. Language: English. Published on August 23, 2013. Category: Essay. 
How to Take Off Your Professional Career from an Average to Exceptional with the Hidden PSR in You. A Book By working CEO and Manager with Day to day and live Examples How to Fight with Global Recession. By Shekhar Gupta Surbhi Maheshwari



Published: Aug. 23, 2013 
Words: 22,870 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301432448













psr Be an Aviator Not a Pilot 

is a story of Pilots in Aviation who are unable to cope. This is not a book to teach you how to get into an Aviation School or even how to live like a Pilot. In fact, it describes how one can become a Successfull Aviator not just an Airplane Driver [ So called Pilot ] with very small changes in life. Also Why abroad trained Pilots are better Aviator and Why FAA, CASA, CAAP, CAA are better civil Aviation Authority then DGCA.
by
Shekhar Gupta 
Ankisha Awasthi 



Be An Aviator not A Pilot     
Price: $1.99 USD. Approx. 4,750 words. Language: English. Published on July 24, 2013. Category: Fiction.  As A Fact Out Of Every 1000 Pilots Only 1 Pilot Becomes An Airline Pilot, The Book Is All About Those 999 Pilots Only.




pcg



Pilot’s Career Guide  
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 25,040 words. Language: English. Published on July 13, 2013. Category: Nonfiction.  
International Airline Pilot’s Career Guide Learn Step By Step How to Become an International Airlines Pilot By Shekhar Gupta And Niriha Khajanchi




CCCG



Cabin Crew Career Guide






Published: Aug. 26, 2013 
Words: 2,160 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301001965






















































Posted by



at





No comments:
  


















Labels:

















        

      









Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)